Jackie Bradley Jr. is not a terrible baseball player, and honestly he probably didn’t have a terrible 2014 season. Well at least, it wasn’t as bad as what people perceived. That, however, is due to his impeccable fielding and good base running. What follows will include none of that. It is rather a complete breakdown of Bradley’s hitting performance, for 2014, and the trends he displayed. They are, as you might have guessed, not pretty.

First, it seems important to mention that Bradley’s numbers were great in the minors. Not just fielding but hitting as well. After A ball (Greenville), Bradley never had a wRC+ below 120 and he never had a BB% lower than 10%. Now, BB% is not always predictive, as Chris Mitchell has displayed through his KATOH metric. KATOH, however, does show that BB% is predictive in AA and AAA, and Bradley’s BB% was good in AA and AAA.

Now on to 2014. This was supposed to be Bradley’s big break, it was supposed to be his year. He was going to replace Jacoby Ellsbury in center, and become the next great Red Sox center fielder. None of that happened, Bradley did play good defense but his offense was atrocious, finishing with a 47 wRC+.

So what happened? How did a player lauded for not just his defense but also his hitting ability, finish the year with a 47 wRC+? First, lets acknowledge that hitting is extremely difficult, especially at the major league level. There are also many components that go into hitting and all of them have an impact on a why a hitter hits a certain way. It’s also important to look at how pitchers work a hitter, and I think that’s where I will start. Below is a graph of the hard, breaking, and off-speed pitches Bradley faced in 2014.

From this, it’s pretty evident that pitchers predominantly attacked Bradley with fastballs. This was after all his first major league season, and pitchers will often test young hitters or rookies with fastballs. If the hitter starts to hit the fastball well, then typically a pitcher will make an adjustment. As you can see, no adjustments were made because no adjustments were needed.

Now that we know what pitchers were throwing at Bradley, let’s look at what he did with those pitches. The graph below will display the outcome of Bradley’s at-bats in 2014.

This is where my eyes started to hurt. Bradley, as you can see, got off to a good start, but everything fell off quickly after that. In fact, things fell apart so badly that Bradley didn’t get a single extra base hit in the last two months of the season. While I like this graph, in explaining Bradley’s struggles, I think the circle graph below will give you an even better example of just how bad Bradley was in 2014. The Graph was provided by Baseball Savant.

There are many outcomes that can come from a pitch: a foul, a whiff, a called strike, a ball, a ball in play, and finally, a hit. Bradley, got a hit considerably less often than any other outcome. This is not a recipe for success. Hold  on, let me clarify that. The fact that Bradley’s hits were his most infrequent outcome was not the problem. Mike Trout’s most infrequent outcome after all was also his  hits. The problem was Bradley’s 4.6 hit%, and that it was so low.

Another problem here is that Bradley is simply not putting the ball in play enough, and the balls in play, unfortunately are not resulting in enough hits (.284 BABIP). This, however, is only one of the problems. To get a better understanding of why Bradley didn’t get enough hits, it seems imperative that we examine where he’s hitting the ball. For this, I looked at a spray chart provided by Brooks Baseball, to examine exactly where Bradley is hitting the ball, and if there are any consistent trends.

Here are the outcomes when Bradley puts the ball in play. What is distinctively clear is that he pulls the ball a lot in the infield. He also doesn’t seem to be hitting a lot of hard ground balls, which would explain his lack of hits in the infield. As you can see, Bradley over a full season of baseball only mustered four hits in the infield and none the other way. The Red Sox have talked about working on Bradley’s swing; they’ve suggested that his swing is too uppercut and he needs to start swinging down on the baseball. From this chart it seems pretty evident why they want to do that. They probably want Bradley to be able to hit the ball the other way not just in the air but also on the ground, so as to maximize his ability to get hits.

While fixing a swing is important, it’s only one of the problems. There are more elements that go into hitting, and someone doesn’t end up with a 47 wRC+ without some kind of approach problem. This is where we’ll take our final investigation, into Bradley’s plate approach and the tendencies he’s been displaying.

There are a few factors and components that can be attributed to a hitter’s approach. One of them is the hitter’s tendency to swing. The more one swings, the less he is likely to be a patient hitter, and the less likely he is to have a good approach at the plate. Below is a graph of Bradley’s month-by-month swing percentage on hard, breaking, and off-speed pitches for 2014.

This as you might be able to tell is not good. Bradley’s tendency to swing got gradually worse as the year went on. This meaning, that as the year went on, Bradley either got further away from his approach or he simply got frustrated. Let’s not panic, however; just because a hitter has a high swing% doesn’t mean that he can’t be a successful hitter, especially if he makes contact on a lot of his swings. Vlad Guerrero was a great hitter and he swung at everything; he also hit everything. So let’s look at Bradley’s whiffs per swing (whiff/swing). Why? Well, because if you’re swinging a lot, you don’t want to have a low whiff per swing rate because it means that most of the pitches you’re swinging at aren’t going to become hits. It also probably means you’re striking out a lot and that you’re chasing a lot of pitches.

As you might be able to tell, Bradley, in 2014 swung and missed a lot. I think it’s also important to note that in the last two months of the year, Bradley’s plate appearances were significantly reduced. He only got 35 plate appearances in August and only 36 in September. So while it might seem that in the last month, Bradley started swinging and missing less, that was in a very small sample size.

Finally, let’s look at Bradley’s overall plate approach tendencies. What follows is a chart provided by Brooks Baseball that examines a player’s overall plate approach. It examines, through the use of pitch f/x data, his passiveness and aggressiveness at the plate. It does this through the use of detection theory, which analyses the decisions one makes in face of uncertainty. There are essentially two parameters to detection theory, C and d’. C, which is the one used for this graph, reflects the strategy of the response. OK, that’s enough on the subject in order to get a further understanding of the subject I recommend you click here.

Just like Bradley’s swing tendencies, his overall plate approach is going in the wrong direction. Throughout the year, Bradley had considerably gotten more and more aggressive. He’s essentially losing what made him a successful hitter in the minors. These are the signs that probably made the Red Sox sign Rusney Castillo from Cuba, to a seven-year deal. It also might be a reason why the Red Sox are in serious talks with the Braves about a potential trade involving Bradley.

That being said, while it is certain that Bradley’s tendencies and approach are all heading in the wrong direction, this doesn’t mean that he can’t turn things around. Players make adjustments all the time, and I’m not sure that these stats are necessarily predictive of future performance. Baseball after all is a game of adjustments, pitchers make adjustments on hitters, and then the hitters counter with their own adjustments. It doesn’t seem that Bradley will ever be a great hitter or even a good hitter, but what he can be is a league average hitter. I’ve spent a lot of time discussing Bradley’s offense and not nearly enough on his defense. Bradley is a great defensive center fielder, maybe the best, and that has real value. If Bradley can simply become an average hitter, he should have a spot in the majors for many years to come.

Except for the circle graph from Baseball Savant, all graphs can be found on Brooks Baseball. Many of the stats can also be found on fangraphs.

Top photo illustration by Matthew Kohnhorst at Caught Looking Design.